BMP testingFruit, vegetables and their residues

Crown daisy (garland chrysanthemum) — BMP: 2 studies, weighted mean 232 m³ CH₄/t VS

Garland chrysanthemum (edible chrysanthemum) is an Asian leafy vegetable with a high moisture content that ferments easily, but is available mainly in Asia.

CH₄ ≈ 58 % (estimate)

Published 18 August 2020Updated 29 October 20263 min readFeedstockData Editorial Team

Photo Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz / Wikimedia Commons, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source file; changes: cropping

Weighted mean: 232m³ CH₄/t VS
Range: 189–276m³ CH₄/t VS
Records: 2studies
Publications: 2sources
Temperatures: —of the test

Methane in biogas

≈56–60% CH₄

Medium methane content · ≈ 5.8 kWh/m³ of biogas

estimate from the substrate type The collected studies contain no measurement. The interval follows from the approximate composition (protein from total nitrogen (N 4.4 % DM × 6.25)) and the yields of compound groups according to FNR.

How we calculate it and what the zones mean

Rating for biogas plants

not rated — editorial rating for biogas plants

Not rated: no dry matter or volatile solids in the data. We calculate the rating when the dry matter and volatile solids of the material are known.

Editorial rating per the methodology

Add to the co-digestion calculator CSV data

BMP curves from 2 studies

Weighted mean Individual records

Dashed lines are a model curve (first-order kinetics, B(t) = B₀·(1 − e^−kt)); the end point comes from the publication. All curves are model curves.

Cumulative methane production over the test [m³ CH₄/t VS]. The thick line is the weighted mean of all records (232); dots mark the end values given in the publications. Point at the chart to read values; click a legend item to hide or show a record.

Records and sources

Download CSV

Source	BMP m³ CH₄/t VS	Temperature	Sample	Curve
Yan et al. (2017) DOI	189	—	Crowndaisy chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) – Leaf	end point (model curve)
Cai et al. (2019) DOI	276	—	Crown daisy (Chrysanthemum coronarium) – Whole	end point (model curve)
Weighted mean	232	arithmetic mean 232, SD 61

Typical composition

Volatile solids (VS): 75.1 % DM (range 74.6–75.5)
Nitrogen: 4.4 % DM
C/N ratio: 8.1

Median and range of the determinations reported in the publications behind this substrate's BMP records (read from: BCBPD); dry matter: 0 determinations, volatile solids: 2 determinations. C/N was calculated as the ratio of C and N content (% DM) from the same source. No DM in the sources – the calculator has to ask for a value.

Sources: Yan et al. (2017); Cai et al. (2019).

The composition of the raw material varies between batches — for plant calculations use an analysis of your own sample. The calculator inserts typical values automatically.

Process properties

Low confidence: the description is based on general characteristics of the substrate group, not on studies of this material. Treat it as a hint to be verified.

No published process studies

The literature we use does not describe the advantages or drawbacks of digesting this substrate beyond the BMP test results. Below are process characteristics assigned on the basis of the type of material — an editorial classification, not a study result.

dilutes the feed (low DM): low dry matter, dilutes the feed
seasonal: seasonal availability — requires storage
poor in trace elements: poor in trace elements — mono-digestion requires supplementation
variable composition: high variability of composition between batches

Co-digestion — what to combine it with, what to watch out for

combines well
substrates: nitrogen-rich — e.g. Pig slurry, Poultry manure, Waste activated sludge (secondary sludge), Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis salina
A nitrogen-rich co-substrate balances the low C/N of fruit and vegetable waste (Bouallagui et al. 2009).^[1]

Dosing

No source limits on the dose for this substrate.

Sources of the process data

The co-digestion calculator will assess a specific mixture containing this substrate.

What it is and where it comes from

Garland chrysanthemum (Glebionis coronaria, formerly Chrysanthemum coronarium) is an annual plant of the daisy family, grown in China, Japan and Korea as a leafy vegetable. In Poland it is sometimes found as an ornamental plant or a weed, but it is not grown for biomass. Waste arises on vegetable farms and in processing, when leaves and stems are unsuitable for sale.

Properties relevant to digestion

Leaves and young shoots have a high moisture content. The dry matter contains protein, soluble sugars, pectins and fibre, and lignin is low and rises with plant age. The plant contains essential oils and volatile compounds that give it a characteristic smell, but at typical shares they are not a significant inhibitor. The protein content makes the C/N ratio moderate, so at a high share ammonia release must be expected. Hydrolysis is rapid, and the fresh matter spoils quickly.

How to read the spread of results

The set contains several records from several sources, both with no test temperature stated: leaves and the whole plant. The differences may result from the fraction (leaves versus stems), plant age, harvest date, particle size and sample preparation, and from the inoculum used. With such a small amount of data, repeatability cannot be assessed.

In biogas plant practice

In Poland garland chrysanthemum is not a substrate, and the data are of significance as a reference for other protein-rich leafy plants. In producing countries the residues can be introduced into co-digestion with manure after shredding, in gradual doses. Storage requires ensiling or rapid use. Material of low dry matter has a limited energy density, so transport over longer distances is not profitable.

For comparison with Polish plants, it is worth treating garland chrysanthemum like other watery, protein-rich leafy plants, for example spinach or young green forage: both types of material supply readily available components, but in a larger share they require the addition of carbohydrates to balance the C/N ratio.

Because the plant is grown in Poland mainly by amateurs, a reliable estimate of availability is practically impossible, and the laboratory results are worth treating as a research curiosity and not as a basis for planning the feed.

Methodology in brief

BMP is the amount of methane obtained from volatile solids (VS) in a batch test, given in m³ CH₄ per tonne of VS (numerically the same as NmL CH₄/g VS in the publications) and converted to normal conditions (0 °C, 101.325 kPa). The weighted mean gives each publication a total weight of 1, split equally between its results for the substrate — a paper testing twenty varieties does not outweigh a paper with a single sample. In inter-laboratory programmes the unit is the laboratory (total weight 1), and within it the weight of a test grows with the number of bottles (replicates). Results after pretreatment (e.g. thermal, chemical, enzymatic) are shown separately and are not included in the mean.

Solid lines are curves measured in the tests. Where a publication gives only the final result, we draw a first-order kinetic model, B(t) = B₀·(1 − e^−kt): only the end point comes from the publication, and the shape of the curve serves purely as visualisation — do not read the production on a particular day from it. For this substrate k = 0.245 d⁻¹ was assumed (median of rate constants k reported in the sources and/or fitted to the mean measured curves).

The statistics describe the spread of published results — a descriptive compilation, not a meta-analysis or a guarantee of plant yield.

Full methodology and correction policy

Bibliography

All sources of the site: bibliography.