BMP testingFruit, vegetables and their residuessingle study (2 samples)
Mangosteen pulp — BMP: 2 studies, weighted mean 384 m³ CH₄/t VS
Mangosteen pulp is a tropical fruit waste rich in sugars; the dataset compares fresh and spoiled fruit, which illustrates well the effect of raw material quality on the result.
Photo Ivar Leidus / Wikimedia Commons, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source file; changes: cropping
- Weighted mean
- 384m³ CH₄/t VS
- Range
- 298–469m³ CH₄/t VS
- Records
- 2single study (2 samples)
- Publications
- 1source
- Temperatures
- 35 °Cof the test
Methane in biogas
Medium methane content · ≈ 5.2 kWh/m³ of biogas
estimate from the substrate type The collected studies contain no measurement. The interval follows from the approximate composition (carbohydrate-dominated (no protein or fat characteristics)) and the yields of compound groups according to FNR.
Rating for biogas plants
not rated — editorial rating for biogas plants
Not rated: no dry matter or volatile solids in the data. We calculate the rating when the dry matter and volatile solids of the material are known.
Add to the co-digestion calculator CSV data
BMP curves from 2 studies
Weighted mean Individual records
Dashed lines are a model curve (first-order kinetics, B(t) = B₀·(1 − e−kt)); the end point comes from the publication. All curves are model curves.
Cumulative methane production over the test [m³ CH₄/t VS]. The thick line is the weighted mean of all records (384); dots mark the end values given in the publications. Point at the chart to read values; click a legend item to hide or show a record.
Records and sources
Download CSV| Source | BMP m³ CH₄/t VS | Temperature | Sample | Curve |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanjaya et al. (2016) · 1 DOI | 298 | 35 °C · mesophilic | Fresh ripe mangosteen pulp | end point (model curve) |
| Sanjaya et al. (2016) · 2 DOI | 469 | 35 °C · mesophilic | Rooten mangosteen pulp | end point (model curve) |
| Weighted mean | 384 | arithmetic mean 384, SD 121 | ||
Typical composition
- Dry matter (DM)
- 14% (range 12.7–15.3)
Median and range of the determinations reported in the publications behind this substrate's BMP records (read from: MY-D); dry matter: 2 determinations, volatile solids: 0 determinations.
Sources: Sanjaya et al. (2016).
The composition of the raw material varies between batches — for plant calculations use an analysis of your own sample. The calculator inserts typical values automatically.
Process properties
Low confidence: the description is based on general characteristics of the substrate group, not on studies of this material. Treat it as a hint to be verified.
No published process studies
The literature we use does not describe the advantages or drawbacks of digesting this substrate beyond the BMP test results. Below are process characteristics assigned on the basis of the type of material — an editorial classification, not a study result.
- easily degradable
- sugars, starch, glycerol → fast hydrolysis and acidification (VFA), needs buffering
- acidic
- low pH of the substrate (silages, stillage, whey, fruit)
- dilutes the feed (low DM)
- low dry matter, dilutes the feed
- seasonal
- seasonal availability — requires storage
- poor in trace elements
- poor in trace elements — mono-digestion requires supplementation
- carbon-rich
- high C/N → nitrogen deficiency; combine well with nitrogen-rich substrates
- low in nitrogen
- high C/N → nitrogen deficiency; combine well with nitrogen-rich substrates
Co-digestion — what to combine it with, what to watch out for
- combines well
substrates: nitrogen-rich — e.g. Pig slurry, Poultry manure, Waste activated sludge (secondary sludge), Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis salina
A nitrogen-rich co-substrate balances the low C/N of fruit and vegetable waste (Bouallagui et al. 2009).[1]
- combines well
substrates: high alkalinity (buffer) — e.g. Cattle manure, Pig slurry, Cattle slurry, Duck slurry, Rumen and digestive tract content
Co-digestion of easily degradable substrates with dairy slurry increased the methane yield relative to slurry alone.[2]
Dosing
No source limits on the dose for this substrate.
Introduce gradually, starting with a small dose and monitoring the process (e.g. FOS/TAC, pH, gas composition).
Sources of the process data
- Improvement of fruit and vegetable waste anaerobic digestion performance and stability with co-substrates addition
- Biochemical methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates
- Mesophilic batch anaerobic digestion from fruit fragments
- Effects of size and thermophilic pre-hydrolysis of banana peel during anaerobic digestion, and biomethanation potential of key tropical fruit wastes
- Effect of particle size on biogas generation from biomass residues
The co-digestion calculator will assess a specific mixture containing this substrate.
What it is and where it comes from
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical fruit grown in South-East Asia. The edible pulp makes up a small part of the fruit, and the peel and seeds are also waste. In Poland it is an imported product, so no larger waste streams arise, and it matters mainly in countries that produce and process fruit. The pulp is described separately from the seeds.
Properties relevant to digestion
The pulp is watery and contains mainly simple sugars, organic acids and pectins, with a very low content of lignin, fats and protein. This type of material undergoes rapid hydrolysis and acid formation, so the risk is acidification of the digester at a high dose or a short retention time. A high sugar content also means susceptibility to spontaneous alcoholic fermentation and spoilage during storage. The lack of structure means the pulp does not need complicated comminution, but it must be mixed with a buffering material.
How to read the spread of results
The dataset contains several records from a single study, concerning fresh and spoiled pulp. The difference between them shows that the condition of the fruit affects the result: spoilage changes the content of sugars, acids and soluble compounds. In addition, the result depends on the variety, ripeness, sample preparation and the inoculum. A single study is too little to assess repeatability between laboratories.
In biogas plant practice
Mangosteen pulp is a typical waste of the juice and fruit preserve industry in the tropics. It can be introduced into co-digestion with manure or sludge, at a moderate share and spread over time. Storage is limited by rapid spoilage. For installations in Poland the material has no practical significance, but data from the literature help to assess the behaviour of similar, readily degradable fruit wastes.
In processing practice the pulp is sometimes mixed with the peel and seeds, so when planning the feed one must know the proportions of the fractions and treat results for a single fraction only as a component of the balance.
Because of its easy fermentability, the pulp behaves like other sugar-rich fruit wastes, so conclusions from practice with apple or citrus waste can be treated with caution as a reference point, bearing in mind the different organic acids of the fruit.
Methodology in brief
BMP is the amount of methane obtained from volatile solids (VS) in a batch test, given in m³ CH₄ per tonne of VS (numerically the same as NmL CH₄/g VS in the publications) and converted to normal conditions (0 °C, 101.325 kPa). The weighted mean gives each publication a total weight of 1, split equally between its results for the substrate — a paper testing twenty varieties does not outweigh a paper with a single sample. In inter-laboratory programmes the unit is the laboratory (total weight 1), and within it the weight of a test grows with the number of bottles (replicates). Results after pretreatment (e.g. thermal, chemical, enzymatic) are shown separately and are not included in the mean.
Solid lines are curves measured in the tests. Where a publication gives only the final result, we draw a first-order kinetic model, B(t) = B₀·(1 − e−kt): only the end point comes from the publication, and the shape of the curve serves purely as visualisation — do not read the production on a particular day from it. For this substrate k = 0.245 d−1 was assumed (median of rate constants k reported in the sources and/or fitted to the mean measured curves).
The statistics describe the spread of published results — a descriptive compilation, not a meta-analysis or a guarantee of plant yield.
Bibliography
- Sanjaya, A.P.; Cahyanto, M.N.; Millati, R. (2016). Mesophilic batch anaerobic digestion from fruit fragments. Renewable Energy 98, 135–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.059 DOI
All sources of the site: bibliography.
Other substrates in the group “Fruit, vegetables and their residues”
Mushroom fruiting bodies — BMP: 6 studies, weighted mean 345 m³ CH₄/t VS
345 m³ CH₄/t VS weighted mean from 6 studies
≈52 %
Onions — BMP: 2 studies, weighted mean 305 m³ CH₄/t VS
305 m³ CH₄/t VS weighted mean from 2 studies
≈52 %
Cabbage outer leaves and stems — BMP: 5 studies, weighted mean 320 m³ CH₄/t VS
320 m³ CH₄/t VS weighted mean from 5 studies
neutral — editorial rating for biogas plants68 %
Radish — BMP: 3 studies, weighted mean 286 m³ CH₄/t VS
286 m³ CH₄/t VS weighted mean from 3 studies
≈56 %